Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) is a reddish-brown gas that is generated through a proprietary chemical reaction when the Gas Generation Module (GGM) is placed and engaged within the EPS-V2.0. While it is commonly found as a byproduct of factories, cars, and power plants, NO₂ gas has also been proven to be an effective and safe chemical sterilant. NO₂ has been shown to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and spores, and it works as a sterilant by degrading the microorganism’s DNA through single-strand breaks. NO₂ gas is a small molecule with a low boiling point, making it especially good at diffusing into complex devices and filling spaces. While NO₂ can be toxic at very high concentrations, it is dramatically safer than similar sterilant gases such as hydrogen peroxide, ethylene oxide, or chlorine dioxide and requires a smaller concentration to be effective. Unlike autoclaves, which require large amounts of electricity and distilled water, NO₂ sterilization within the EPS-V2.0 does not require external power or water, and because it works at ambient temperature and pressure, it is uniquely suited for low-resource settings.